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<title>Mobile computing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile computing</span></span>

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<p><b>Mobile computing</b> is <a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a> in which a <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> is expected to be transported during normal usage and allow for transmission of data, which can include voice and video transmissions. Mobile computing involves <a href="Mobile_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile communication">mobile communication</a>, mobile hardware, and <a href="Mobile_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile software">mobile software</a>. Communication issues include ad hoc networks and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats, and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_principles">Main principles</h2></div>

<ul><li>Portability: Devices/nodes connected within the mobile computing system should facilitate mobility. These devices may have limited device capabilities and limited power supply but should have a sufficient processing capability and physical portability to operate in a movable environment.</li>

<li>Connectivity: This defines the <a href="Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> (QoS) of the network connectivity. In a mobile computing system, the network availability is expected to be maintained at a high level with a minimal amount of lag/downtime without being affected by the mobility of the connected nodes.</li>

<li>Interactivity: The nodes belonging to a mobile computing system are connected with one another to communicate and collaborate through active transactions of data.</li>

<li>Individuality: A portable device or a mobile node connected to a mobile network often denotes an individual; a mobile computing system should be able to adopt the technology to cater to the individual needs and also to obtain contextual information of each node.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devices">Devices</h2></div>

<p>Some of the most common forms of mobile computing devices are as given below:

</p>

<ul><li>Portable computers, compact, lightweight units including a full character set keyboard and primarily intended as <a href="Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">hosts</a> for software that may be parameterized, such as <a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>/<a href="Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktops</a>, <a href="Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>/<a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, etc.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart cards</a> that can run multiple applications but are typically used for payment, travel, and secure area access.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a>, telephony devices which can <a href="Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">call</a> from a distance through cellular networking technology.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computers</a>, mostly limited to functional keys and primarily intended for the incorporation of <a href="Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agents</a>, such as bracelets, keyless implants, etc.</li></ul>

<p>These classes are expected to endure and to complement each other, none replacing another completely.

</p><p>Other types of mobile computers have been introduced since the 1990s, including the:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a>, <a href="Enterprise_digital_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise digital assistant">enterprise digital assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-Mobile_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-Mobile PC">Ultra-Mobile PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></li>

<li><a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li>

<li><a href="E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li>

<li><a href="Carputer" title="Carputer">Carputer</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2></div>

<ul><li>Expandability, <a href="Replaceability_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Replaceability (technology)">replaceability</a> and <a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">modularity</a>: In contrast to the common traditional <a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>-based PC the <a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a> architecture in which they are embedded makes these features impossible.</li>

<li>Lack of a <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>: As most smart devices lack a proper <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, their bootloading capabilities are limited as they can only boot into the single <a href="Operative_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Operative system">operative system</a> with which it came, in contrast with the PC BIOS model.</li>

<li>Range and bandwidth: Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as <a href="GPRS" title="GPRS">GPRS</a> and <a href="EDGE_(telecommunication)" title="EDGE (telecommunication)">EDGE</a>, and more recently <a href="HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HSDPA">HSDPA</a>, <a href="HSUPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HSUPA">HSUPA</a>, <a href="3G" title="3G">3G</a> and <a href="4G" title="4G">4G</a> networks and also the proposed <a href="5G" title="5G">5G</a> network. These networks are usually available within a range of commercial cell phone towers. High-speed network wireless LANs are inexpensive but have a very limited range.</li>

<li>Security standards: When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use of <a href="Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a huge number of networks interconnected through the line.</li>

<li>Power consumption: When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.</li>

<li>Transmission interferences: Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor.</li>

<li>Potential health hazards: People who use mobile devices while driving are often distracted from driving and are thus assumed more likely to be involved in traffic accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (While this may seem obvious, there is considerable discussion about whether banning mobile device use while driving reduces accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. Questions concerning <a href="Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone radiation and health">mobile phone radiation and health</a> have been raised.</li>

<li>Human interface with device: Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or <a href="Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a> require training.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In-vehicle_computing_and_fleet_computing">In-vehicle computing and fleet computing</h2></div>

<p>Many commercial and government field forces deploy a rugged portable computer with their fleet of vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for driver safety, device security, and <a href="Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>. <a href="Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged computers</a> are rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles and off-road driving and the harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as in <a href="Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a>, fire, and public safety.

</p>

<p>Other elements affecting function in the vehicle:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">Operating temperature</a>: A vehicle cabin can often experience temperature swings from −30–60 °C (−22–140 °F). Computers typically must be able to withstand these temperatures while operating. Typical fan-based cooling has stated limits of 35–38 °C (95–100 °F) of ambient temperature and temperatures below freezing require localized heaters to bring components up to operating temperature (based on independent studies by the SRI Group and by Panasonic R&D).</li>

<li>Vibration can decrease the life expectancy of computer components, notably rotational storage such as <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDDs</a>.</li>

<li>Visibility of standard screens becomes an issue in bright sunlight.</li>

<li>Touchscreen users easily interact with the units in the field without removing gloves.</li>

<li>High-temperature battery settings: Lithium-ion batteries are sensitive to high-temperature conditions for charging. A computer designed for the mobile environment should be designed with a high-temperature charging function that limits the charge to 85% or less of capacity.</li>

<li>External antenna connections go through the typical metal cabins of vehicles which would block wireless reception and take advantage of much more capable external communication and navigation equipment.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_issues_involved_in_mobile">Security issues involved in mobile</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></div>

<p><a href="Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a> has become increasingly important in mobile computing. It is of particular concern as it relates to the <a href="Information_security" title="Information security">security</a> of personal information now stored on the <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>. Mobile applications might copy user data from these devices to a remote server without the users’ permission and often without the users’ consent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The user profiles automatically created in the cloud for smartphone users raise <a href="Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> concerns on all major platforms, in terms of, including, but not limited to, <a href="Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">location tracking</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and personal data collection,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regardless of user settings on the device.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>More and more users and businesses use smartphones as a means of planning and organizing their work and private life. Within companies, these technologies are causing profound changes in the organization of <a href="Information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Information systems">information systems</a> and therefore they have become the source of new risks. Indeed, smartphones collect and compile an increasing amount of sensitive information to which access must be controlled to protect the <a href="Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">privacy</a> of the user and the <a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> of the company.

</p><p><br>

All smartphones are preferred targets of attacks. These attacks exploit weaknesses related to smartphones that can come from means of wireless telecommunication like <a href="WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi networks</a> and <a href="GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>. There are also attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities from both the web browser and operating system. Finally, there are forms of <a href="Malware" title="Malware">malicious software</a> that rely on the weak knowledge of average users.

</p><p>Different security counter-measures are being developed and applied to smartphones, from security in different layers of software to the dissemination of information to end-users. There are good practices to be observed at all levels, from design to use, through the development of <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, software layers, and downloadable apps.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portable_computing_devices">Portable computing devices</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile device</a> and <a href="Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable computer</a></div>

<p>Several categories of portable computing devices can run on batteries but are not usually classified as laptops: portable computers, <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs), tablets, and smartphones.

</p>

<ul><li>A <a href="Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable computer</a> is a general-purpose computer that can be easily moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because it requires some "setting-up" and an AC power source. The most famous example is <a href="Osborne_1" title="Osborne 1">Osborne 1</a>. Portable computers are also called a "transportable" or a "luggable" PC.</li>

<li>A <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistant</a> (PDA) is a small, usually pocket-sized, computer with limited functionality. It is intended to supplement and to synchronize with a desktop computer, giving access to contacts, address book, notes, e-mail, and other features.</li>

<li>An <a href="Ultra_mobile_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra mobile PC">ultra mobile PC</a> is a full-featured, PDA-sized computer running a general-purpose operating system.</li>

<li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Phones</a>, <a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>: a slate tablet is shaped like a paper notebook. Smartphones are the same devices as tablets, however, the only difference with smartphones is that they are much smaller and pocketable. Instead of a physical keyboard, these devices have a <a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> including a combination of a <a href="Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboard</a> but can also link to a physical keyboard via wireless <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or USB. These devices include features other computer systems would not be able to incorporate, such as built-in cameras, because of their portability - although some laptops possess camera integration, and desktops and laptops can connect to a <a href="Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> by way of USB.</li>

<li>A <a href="Carputer" title="Carputer">carputer</a> is installed in an automobile. It operates as a wireless computer, sound system, GPS, and DVD player. It also contains word processing software and is Bluetooth compatible.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>A Pentop (discontinued) is a computing device the size and shape of a pen. It functions as a writing utensil, MP3 player, language translator, digital storage device, and calculator.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>An application-specific computer is one that is tailored to a particular application. For example, <a href="Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a> introduced a handheld application-specific mobile computer (the <a href="Ferranti_MRT" title="Ferranti MRT">MRT-100</a>) in the form of a <a href="Clipboard" title="Clipboard">clipboard</a> for conducting <a href="Opinion_polls" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polls">opinion polls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, the <a href="OQO" title="OQO">OQO</a> UMPC is also a PDA-sized tablet PC; the <a href="EMate_300" title="EMate 300">Apple eMate</a> had the clamshell form factor of a laptop but ran PDA software. The <a href="HP_Omnibook" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Omnibook">HP Omnibook</a> line of laptops included some devices small enough to be called ultra mobile PCs. The hardware of the <a href="Nokia_770" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia 770">Nokia 770</a> internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as the <a href="Sharp_Zaurus" title="Sharp Zaurus">Zaurus</a> 6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it does not have <a href="Personal_information_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal information manager">PIM</a> software. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mobile_data_communication">Mobile data communication</h2></div>

<p><a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Ositech_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ositech-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular</a> data service uses technologies <a href="GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>, <a href="Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a> or <a href="General_Packet_Radio_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a>, <a href="3G" title="3G">3G</a> networks such as <a href="W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a>, <a href="Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a> or <a href="CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently <a href="4G" title="4G">4G</a> and <a href="5G" title="5G">5G</a> networks. These networks are usually available within range of commercial <a href="Cell_site" title="Cell site">cell towers</a>. <a href="Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> connections offer higher performance,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be either on a private business network or accessed through public <a href="Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">hotspots</a>, and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a> covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be set up anywhere the user has a <a href="Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> to the satellite's location,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which for satellites in <a href="Geostationary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary">geostationary</a> orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky.<sup id="cite_ref-Ositech_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ositech-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When using a mix of networks, a <a href="Mobile_virtual_private_network" title="Mobile virtual private network">mobile virtual private network</a> (<a href="Mobile_virtual_private_network" title="Mobile virtual private network">mobile VPN</a>) not only handles the <a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> concerns, but also performs the multiple network <a href="Login" title="Login">logins</a> automatically and keeps the <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application</a> connections alive to prevent <a href="Crash_(computing)" title="Crash (computing)">crashes</a> or data loss during network transitions or coverage loss.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_computers" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mobile computers">Mobile computers</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_mobile_computers" title="Lists of mobile computers">Lists of mobile computers</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Mobile cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_Computing_and_Communications_Review" title="Mobile Computing and Communications Review">Mobile Computing and Communications Review</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile development">Mobile development</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_device_management" title="Mobile device management">Mobile device management</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_identity_management" title="Mobile identity management">Mobile identity management</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_interaction" title="Mobile interaction">Mobile interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile software">Mobile software</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFandrew.currin.ctr@dot.gov2016" class="citation web cs1">andrew.currin.ctr@dot.gov (8 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.distraction.gov/stats-and-facts/">"U Drive. U Text. U Pay"</a>. <i>NHTSA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005162804/http://www.distraction.gov/stats-and-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handsfreeinfo.com/study-handheld-cell-bans-have-no-effect">"Hands Free Cell Phones No Safer, Insurance Study Claims"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717052047/http://handsfreeinfo.com/study-handheld-cell-bans-have-no-effect/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2019" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Nicole (10 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpomagazine.com/data-privacy/pre-installed-apps-on-android-represent-a-threat-to-user-privacy-and-security/">"Pre-Installed Apps on Android Represent a Threat to User Privacy and Security"</a>. CPO Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210071243/https://www.cpomagazine.com/data-privacy/pre-installed-apps-on-android-represent-a-threat-to-user-privacy-and-security/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/13/google-location-tracking-android-iphone-mobile">"Google records your location even when you tell it not to"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 14 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210071239/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/13/google-location-tracking-android-iphone-mobile">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/tag/carputer/">"Carputer Articles on Engadget"</a>. <i>Engadget</i>. AOL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505145743/https://www.engadget.com/tag/carputer/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Rowley, K Barker, and V Callaghan “<i> The Questronic Project and the Ferranti MRT 100 A Boon For Survey Research</i>”, The Professional Geographer, Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 459–463, November 1985</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ositech-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ositech_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ositech_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713084232/http://www.ositech.com/downloads/123dwnlod_1.html">"Wireless Data Communications for Beginners"</a>. Ositech Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ositech.com/downloads/123dwnlod_1.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lachu Aravamudhan, Stefano Faccin, Risto Mononen, Basavaraj Patil, Yousuf Saifullah, Sarvesh Sharma, Srinivas Sreemanthula. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132">"Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004200150/http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132">Archived</a> 2013-10-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>InformIT</i></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/DocumentsIMT2000/What_really_3G.pdf">"What really is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607105523/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/DocumentsIMT2000/What_really_3G.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>ITU</i></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gier, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/downloads/wireless_industry_report_2007.pdf">"Wireless Network Industry Report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012152324/http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/downloads/wireless_industry_report_2007.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-10-12 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Wireless Nets, Ltd.</i></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotrecruiter.com/resources/technical-tutorials/35-freelance-tips-a-tutorials/893-wi-fi">"Wi-Fi"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327014110/http://www.hotrecruiter.com/resources/technical-tutorials/35-freelance-tips-a-tutorials/893-wi-fi">Archived</a> 2012-03-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Bradley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726110741/http://compnetworking.about.com/od/internetaccessbestuses/g/bldef_satellite.htm">"Satellite Internet"</a>. <i>about.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://compnetworking.about.com/od/internetaccessbestuses/g/bldef_satellite.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2011.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compassroseintl.com/pubs/Intro_to_sats.html">"Introduction to Global Satellite Systems"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023204753/http://www.compassroseintl.com/pubs/Intro_to_sats.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-23 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>CompassRose International Publications</i></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netmotionwireless.com/resources/case_studies.aspx">Case studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331081316/http://www1.netmotionwireless.com/resources/case_studies.aspx">Archived</a> 2012-03-31 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>netmotionwireless.com</i></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phifer, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid40_gci1210989_mem1,00.html">"Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706084816/https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/tip/Mobile-VPN-Closing-the-gap">Archived</a> 2020-07-06 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>SearchMobileComputing.com</i>, July 16, 2006. </span>

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<li id="cite_note-Cheng-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheng, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119717610996418467">"Lost Connections"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328101055/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119717610996418467">Archived</a> 2018-03-28 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, December 11, 2007. </span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

<ul><li>GH Forman, J Zahorjan - Computer, 1994 - doi.ieeecomputersociety.org</li>

<li>David P. Helmbold, "A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing", citeseer.ist.psu.edu, 1996</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Repacholi" title="Michael Repacholi">MH Repacholi</a>, "health risks from the use of mobile phones", <a href="Toxicology_Letters" title="Toxicology Letters">Toxicology Letters</a>, 2001 - Elsevier</li>

<li>Landay, J.A. Kaufmann, T.R., "user interface issues in mobile computing", Workstation Operating Systems, 1993.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFImielińskiBadrinath1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Tomasz_Imieli%C5%84ski" title="Tomasz Imieliński">Imieliński, T.</a>; Badrinath, B.R. (Oct 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F194313.194317">"Mobile wireless computing, challenges in data management"</a>. <i><a href="Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>37</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>28. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F194313.194317">10.1145/194313.194317</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20233082">20233082</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFImielińskiBadrinath1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Tomasz_Imieli%C5%84ski" title="Tomasz Imieliński">Imieliński, T.</a>; Badrinath, B.R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vldb.org/conf/1992/P041.PDF">"Querying in highly mobile distributed environments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="VLDB_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="VLDB conference">Proceedings VLDB '92</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>52.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFImielińskiViswanathanBadrinath1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Tomasz_Imieli%C5%84ski" title="Tomasz Imieliński">Imieliński, T.</a>; Viswanathan, S.; Badrinath, B.R. (May–June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205124646/http://arbor.ee.ntu.edu.tw/archive/mobile/imielinskida97.pdf">"Data on Air: Organization and Access"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering</a></i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>372. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.569.2573">10.1.1.569.2573</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F69.599926">10.1109/69.599926</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arbor.ee.ntu.edu.tw/archive/mobile/imielinskida97.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-04</span></span>.</cite></li>

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<li>Zimmerman, James B. "Mobile Computing: Characteristics, Business Benefits, and Mobile Framework" April 2, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126105426/http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~meinkej/inss690/zimmerman/INSS%20690%20CC%20-%20Mobile%20Computing.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20111126105426/http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~meinkej/inss690/zimmerman/INSS%20690%20CC%20-%20Mobile%20Computing.htm</a></li>

<li>Koudounas, Vasilis. Iqbal, Omar. "Mobile Computing: Past, Present, and Future" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110210750/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/vk5/report.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20181110210750/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/vk5/report.html</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFB'Far2004" class="citation book cs1">B'Far, Reza (2004). <i>Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-81733-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPoslad2009" class="citation book cs1">Poslad, Stefan (2009). <i>Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions</i>. Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-03560-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRhoton2001" class="citation book cs1">Rhoton, John (2001). <i>The Wireless Internet Explained</i>. Digital Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55558-257-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTalukderYavagal2006" class="citation book cs1">Talukder, Asoke; Yavagal, Roopa (2006). <i>Mobile Computing: Technology, Applications, and Service Creation</i>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-07-147733-8</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer_sizes_and_classes279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Computer sizes</a> and <a href="Classes_of_computers" title="Classes of computers">classes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Micro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Interactive kiosk</a></li>

<li><a href="Rich_client" title="Rich client">Rich client</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">Smart speaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a>

<ul><li><a href="Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li>

<li><a href="Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a>

<ul><li><a href="Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li>

<li><a href="Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a>

<li><a href="Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li>

<li><a href="Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li>

<li><a href="Notebook_computer" title="Notebook computer">Notebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a>

<ul><li><a href="Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li>

<li><a href="Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li>

<li><a href="E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li>

<li><a href="Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fitness_tracker" title="Fitness tracker">Fitness tracker</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li>

<li><a href="GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li>

<li><a href="Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mobile_computing&oldid=1292701820">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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